Neural Visual Postural Posttest 2017 Neuro-Visual Optometric Rehabilitation and Visual Postural Dysfunction Following a Neurological Event Posttest, Level 1 This posttest consists of 130 Multiple Choice questions. For each question, indicate the single, best answer from among the choices given. There is no time limit for completing the test. You must answer at least 91 of the questions correctly (70%) to successfully pass the course and claim your CE credits. Once you've submitted your answers, the posttest will be automatically scored and the results summarized. If you don't pass the test on your first attempt, you can retake the test to improve your score. Click the link to review the Course Summary for this course. NOTE: While you can use any source you wish to complete the exam, the final answers you submit must be based on your own work. Name* First Last Email* State*License No.*OE Tracker No.*1. Developing a model for rehabilitating vision dysfunction for persons who have had a neurological event involves:a. Creating a model of vision for neuro-rehabilitationb. Prismsc. The need for understanding development related to posture and visiond. The need to observe and assess posturee. All of the above2. Light is:a. Both wave-like and corpuscular in natureb. Composed of quantac. Visible only when in wave-like formd. Visible only in coherent wave forme. a and b3. Approximately what percent of light reaches the retina?a. 10%b. 30%c. 60%d. 80%4. The neocortex is:a. Composed of the innermost layer of the cortexb. 2.5 mm. thickc. Composed of six layersd. 80% of the human braine. b, c and d5. The layers of the neocortex are:a. Layers I - III are mylenated fibers and axons (II and III project to other areas of the neocortexb. Layer IV receives input connections from outside neocortex especially from thalamus (feed forward)c. Layer V –VI are output connections to outside neocortex especially thalamus and brain stem (feedback)d. a, b and ce. None of the above6. The visual neocortex:a. Is composed of the original six sub-layers plus an additional 3b. Includes additional layers because of the significant increased input from midbrain and thalamusc. Is composed of only feature detectorsd. Combines information with auditory processinge. a and b7. The visual neocortex:a. Serves by organizing lines and patterns of informationb. Provides simultaneous relays with other pattern recognizers to enhance or inhibit erroneous datac. Determines useful data by redundancy and averagingd. Has 300 million pattern recognizerse. All of the above8. Vision:a. Attempts to break down relationshipsb. Isolates itself from the sensorimotor systemc. Attempts to bring balance to reinforce sensorimotor informationd. Seeks form and containmente. b and d9. Vision is composed of:a. Magnocellular, parvocellular and knicocellularganglion cells from the retinab. Color detectors that recognize all of the primary colorsc. An ambient and a focal visual processd. a and ce. None of the above10. The ambient visual process is:a. Composed of both magno and parvo cellular cellsb. Preconscious in naturec. A slow process compared to the focal processd. Serves to organize visual spatial information with the sensorimotor systeme. b and d11. The ambient visual process:a. Feedforwards information to 99% of the brainb. Supports binocularityc. Contributes spatial-temporal information to the visual cortex thereby providing the domain for the cortex to apply detail for attention and concentrationd. Contributes information about detaile. a, b and c12. The most appropriate model of learning and performance theory to be applied to the bimodal model of visual processing is:a. Response-stimulus-responseb. Stimulus-responsec. The function model of visiond. The medical-pathological model of visione. None of the above13. The characteristics of Post Trauma Vision Syndrome (PTVS) are:a. Exotropia and exophoriab. Convergence and accommodative insufficiencyc. Oculomotor dysfunctiond. Increased myopiae. All of the above14. The symptoms of PTVS are:a. Diplopia and blurred visionb. Perceived movement of objects or patternsc. Headaches and astenopiad. Hallucinations and photophobiae. All of the above15. PTVS occurs following a neurological event and is caused by:a. Disease of the parvocellular systemb. Dysfunction affecting the ambient visual process and the motor-sensory systemc. Loss of sight in one eyed. Anismetropiae. b and c16. The implications of PTVS are:a. Over-focalization and isolation on detail without spatial organizationb. ‘Focal-binding’c. Inability to release from fixationd. A lack of ability to organize spatial information with the motor base and a restriction of the response or ‘anticipatory’ response prior to the stimuluse. All of the above17. The effect of loss of spatial organization with ambient and sensorimotor matching can lead to:a. Difficulty readingb. Abnormal postural tonec. Changes in tasted. a and be. None of the above18. Which of the following statements are true?a. The focal process is like a camera and uses mostly ‘snapshots’ through saccades (quick eye movements)b. The focal visual process slows down time and because of this it primarily uses the corpuscular (particle) nature of lightc. The ambient process fills in the gap between focal and detail information with spatial contex and it provides an anticipation through its preconscious ability to create relationshipsd. The ambient process is fast and speeds up time and uses mostly the wave form of light and without the ambient process vision would appear as a series of overlain images that compress like an accordion or the bellows of a camerae. All of the above19. The ambient visual process:a. Does not map behavioral space around the bodyb. Is restrictive and the focal process is expansivec. Incorporates ‘complimentary receptor functions’ to enable segregation of focal and ambient information which leadd. Together with the focal process involves a second form of interaction for reciprocal inhibitory coupling and serves attention shifts from one mode to the othere. c and d20. Visual skills such as pursuits, saccades, accommodation and vergence of the eyes are brought into functional relationship with vast variety of:a. Practiceb. Movements of the body that are whole and fine and which include head rotations, lateral flexion and extension, lateral extension and flexion with rotation of the bodyc. Extension of the body away from gravity and flexion of the body with gravityd. a and ce. b and c21. Vision involves:a. A spatial preconscious matching with the sensorimotor systemsb. Organization of pattern recognition together with spatial applicationc. Emanation from an action systemd. Vergence movements that utilize a preconscious spatial mapping prior to identificatione. All of the above22. Temporal relationships applied to vision includes:a. The speeding up of temporal processing relative to ambient visual processing and a slowing down of temporal processing relative to the focal processb. No change between focal and ambient processingc. The slowing down of temporal processing relative to ambient visual processing and a speeding up of temporal processing relative to the focal processd. Streamlining information about facial detailse. None of the above23. In development:a. Vergence and version movements require a ‘top-down’ or conscious mode of processingb. Abduction and adduction of ocular movements emanate from early exploration for movements involving extension, flexion and then extension, flexion together with rotation of body movementsc. Vision is both “bottom-up” and “top-down” processing although the preconscious spatial processing should precede conscious visual processingd. b and ce. a and b24. The organization of the ambient or spatial visual process together with matching between the sensorimotor system:a. Creates a spatial domain that is grounded in the motor ‘action’systemb. Enables suppression of the early primitive reflexesc. Creates ‘plasticity’ of the visual processd. All of the abovee. a and c25. Post Trauma Vision Syndrome (PTVS) is only diagnosed through analysis by:a. An eye examination to determine if there is a convergence insufficiencyb. A P-100 cross pattern reversal binocular analysis using the PTVS protocol which involve the addition of a low amount of base in prism placed before both eyes following testing without the base in prismc. Determination of an increase in the amplitude response following introduction of the base in prismd. b and ce. None of the above26. A P-100 followed by multiple peaks indicates:a. Lack of validity of the P-100b. An inability to release the focal responsec. An over-reaction of the ambient visual processd. An improved ‘top-down mode of conscious procession over spatial visual processinge. None of the above27. An increased negative wave potential of the N-75 can often:a. Be reduced or eliminated with the introduction of a low amount of base in prisms before both eyesb. Indicate that the ambient process is not primary in providing an anticipatory spatial organization of vision that is grounded in a motor or proprioceptive base of supportc. Indicate ‘focal binding’d. a and ce. a, b, and c28. Conduction the VEP P-100 cross pattern reversal analysis to ‘rule out’ PTVS should be done with:a. Both low and high spatial frequency stimulib. Only low spatial frequency stimulic. Only high spatial frequency stimulid. Flash stimulie. Temporal-spatial stripes and a variable frequency pattern29. Vergence is brought into developmental organization through:a. Conscious effort to see more clearlyb. A driving force to look at near objects through a ‘top-down or conscious orientation to seeingc. A developmental organization of the ambient visual process together with the motorsensory systems in relationship with extension and flexion active motor movementsd. a and be. None of the above30. Reflexes occur to:a. Create sensory stimulationb. Develop the ability to have reflexes to respond to stimulationc. Ground the senses within the motor systemd. a and be. b and c31. Binocularity is a result of:a. ‘Top-down’ streaming and conscious effort to attain singular binocular visionb. An introduction of seeing more clearly for the infant to create a conscious mode of visual attentionc. A conscious effort to create convergent or; base-our’ visual fusiond. Spatial feedforward from the midbrain following an ambient motor spatial match to bonicular cortical cells to integrate the images from each eyee. a and b32. Postural tone relates to:a. Differentiation of position senseb. A feeling of balancec. A motor-sensory processing organization related to posture upright against gravityd. Characteristics of spastic muscles in the neck and shoulder areae. a and b33. Through development a prone extension away from the ground develops visual organization that leads to what type of ability to move the eyes and awareness?a. Vertical saccadesb. Divergence of the eyesc. Horizontal pursuitsd. Peripheral awarenesse. a, b and d34. Flexion in development is a means for the child to organize visual processing and establishes which visual skills?a. Peripheral awarenessb. Convergencec. Accommodationd. Lateral movements of the eyese. b and c35. Lateral extension in development with rotation assists to establish what type of visual organization and visual skill?a. Cyclo-rotation of the eyesb. Diagonal eye movementsc. Convergenced. Divergencee. a and b36. Lateral body displacement develops what quality of visual performance?a. Horizontal motilitiesb. Isolation on detail or ‘focal binding’c. The ability to maintain a stable fixation point as a reference of orientation with displaced movementd. Near-far fixationse. a and c37. The ambient visual process establishes which visual skills in relationship with postural alignment?a. Pursuitsb. Saccadesc. Convergence and accommodationd. Increased postural tone against gravitye. a, b and c38. The ‘righting response’ begins with:a. Aligning the upper body over the legs and feetb. Sitting upc. Lifting the head off of a surfaced. a and be. None of the above39. Visual Midline Shift Syndrome (VMSS) is:a. A shift of orientation of the object relative to the visual egocenterb. A shift in orientation of the egocenter relative to the object of regardc. A shift of the ‘top-down’ conscious orientation between the object of regard and the egocenterd. A shift in conscious visual spacee. None of the above40. A hemiparesis will initially cause a shift in visual midline _____ and then _______ from the affected side? (fill in the correct order of the shift)a. Toward and then awayb. Away and then towardc. Neither toward nor awayd. It depends on which side is affectede. None of the above41. When there is a left hemiparesis following a CVA the person will usually have a weight shift:a. To the leftb. To the rightc. Anterior or forwardsd. Posterior or backwardse. None of the above42. When there is an abnormal weight shift following a neurological event caused by a hemiparesis. The abnormal weight shift will be reinforced by a shift in spatial visual information or visual midline. The shift in visual midline is:a. Always in the direction of where the person is lookingb. Always in the direction opposite to where the person is lookingc. Usually toward the affected sided. Usually away from the affected sidee. Usually toward the weaker side43. Following a neurological event yoked prisms can be used to affect imbalance between the ambient or spatial visual process and the base of support (BOS). In order to prescribe yoked prisms to affect the posture the clinician should look for key characteristics related to a possible shift in visual midline:a. One shoulder higher than the other during ambulationb. The pelvis on the side of the elevated shoulder will often be depressedc. Increased weight shift to one side, and/or in the anterior posterior directiond. Sliding of the feet on the floor or ‘toe-walking’e. All of the above44. In a standing or seated posture, the clinician should observe postural alignment to determine if there is a lack of extensor tone. A low extensor tone will often be demonstrated by:a. A tilt of the head to one sideb. A slouching of posture with rounded shouldersc. Abduction of the scapulae and a lack of organization of the upper thorax relative to a visual spatial imbalance with the sensorimotor systemd. Capital extensione. b, c and d45. Toeing in during ambulation may be an indication of:a. A posterior VMSSb. An anterior VMSSc. An anterior tilt of the pelvisd. A posnterior tilt of the pelvise. b and c46. Yoked prisms may be prescribed to affect a VMSS reinforcing an abnormal weight shift. The base of the prisms should always be oriented:a. Toward the direction of weight shiftb. Opposite from the direction of weight shiftc. Base-in direction for both eyesd. Opposite the direction of the deviating eyee. None of the above47. The yoked prism should be positioned in which direction for an anterior VMSS?a. Base down for both eyesb. Base up for both eyesc. It depends on the direction of the deviating eyed. It depends on the orientation of the head and necke. c and d48. When there is a strabismus, the base end of the yoked or asymmetrical yoked prisms should always be positioned:a. Opposite the direction of the deviating eyeb. In the direction opposite the abnormal weight shift causing VMSSc. In the direction of the deviating eyed. b and ce. None of the above49. For a person with a right exotropia and a right hemparesis the asymmetrical yoked prisms would be best oriented in which direction if the person demonstrates an abnormal weight shift to the left?a. OD base out and OS base inb. OD base in and OS base inc. OD base in and OS base outd. OD base out and OS base oute. None of the above50. For the previous question, the best approach to affect the strabismus as well as the VMSS would be to prescribe asymmetrical yoked prisms in the following orientation:a. OD high base in prism and OS low base out prismb. OD low base out prism and OS high base in prismc. OD low base in prism and OS high base in prismd. OD high base out prism and OS low base in prisme. None of the above51. When considering to prescribe prisms for a person with a TBI who has a left exotropia, the clinician should:a. Measure the exotropia and prescribe the amount of prism determined from the angle of deviationb. Assess postural imbalances while seated and standing and then assess posture during ambulation in order to prescribe for a visual midline shiftc. Assess for visual midline shift first and then assess the exotropia after the patient is wearing the yoked prismsd. Prescribe asymmetrical yoked prismse. b, c and d52. When viewing a distant acuity chart, a head turn may indicate:a. Visual Midline Shift Syndromeb. A strabismusc. Post Trauma Vision Syndromed. A cervical mis-alignmente. None of the above53. Neuro-Visual Postural Therapy (NVPT) is an approach for:a. Incorporating postural adjustments manually to affect strabismusb. Rehabilitating persons who have had a neurological event and who have been diagnosed with visual dysfunction as well as postural imbalancesc. Rehabilitation of Visual Midline Shift Syndrome (VMSS) and Post Trauma Vision Syndrome (PTVS)d. a and ce. b and c54. A Paradoxical VMSS is:a. A shift of the visual midline toward the non-affected sideb. A shift of the visual midline away from the affected sidec. A shift of the visual midline toward the affected sided. a and be. None of the above55. Following a CVA or TBI, in the early stages the person will lean:a. Toward the non-hemiparetic sideb. Toward the hemiparetic sidec. Away from the hemiparetic sided. In flexion toward the hemiparetic sidee. b and c56. The Compensated State of posture following a CVA or TBI that occurs usually within a week following the event is reinforced by the shift in visual midline:a. Away from the hemiparetic sideb. Toward the hemiparetic sidec. Toward the non-affected sided. a and be. b and c57. When considering treatment for a person with a Paradoxical Visual Midline Shift the clinician should:a. Wait one year and what ever the patient is left with is what they have to live withb. Wait one month after the event and prescribe yoked prismsc. Prescribe yoked prisms as soon as possible and confer with the neurologist, physiatrist, physical and occupational therapistd. Refer for physical therapy before prescribing yoked prismse. None of the above58. When prescribing yoked prisms for a person with a Paradoxical VMSS, the prism base should be oriented:a. Toward the affected sideb. Away from the affected sidec. Away from the non-affected sided. a and ce. None of the above59. Pusher’s Syndrome is a VMSS where the person shifts their weight:a. Away from the affected sideb. Toward the affected sidec. Toward the non-affected sided. a and ce. None of the above60. In the Compensated State of posture following a CVA or TBI the person will often demonstrate a posture of:a. Lateral extension on the affected sideb. Lateral extension on the affected side and flexion on the non-affected sidec. Rotation and extension into the affected sided. Lateral extension on the non-affected side and flexion on the affected sidee. a and b61. When looking through a prism at an object, the focal process sees and experiences:a. An image shift toward the apex and a visual midline shift opposite the image shiftb. An image shift toward the apex of the prism and a visual midline shift with the imagec. The image shifts toward the apex end of the prism and no relationship to the visual midlined. The image shifts toward the base of the prisme. None of the above62. When looking through a prism at an object, the ambient or spatial visual process sees and experiences:a. An image shift toward the apex and a shift of the visual midline opposite the image shiftb. An image shift toward the apex of the prism and a visual midline shift in the same direction as the image shiftc. No shift of the image but instead experiences a shift of the visual midline toward the base end of the prismd. A shift of the visual image toward the base end of the prism with a shift of visual midline in the same directione. None of the above63. Base up yoked prisms have the effect of:a. Expanding the distance spatial volume and compressing the near spatial volume for the ambient processb. Compressing the distance spatial volume and expanding the near spatial volume for the ambient processc. Shifting the image experienced by the focal process downward toward the apexd. Shifting the image downward toward the apex for the focal process and compressing the distance spatial volume for the ambient processe. a and c64. Base left yoked prisms:a. Compress left space and expand right space in the horizontal planeb. Expand left space and compress right space in the horizontal planec. Expand near-far space in the left field and compress near-far space in the right fieldd. Compress near-far space in the left field and expand near-far space in the right fielde. a and c65. A person with a hemiparesis following a CVA or TBI should:a. Receive physical and occupational therapy as soon as possible following the eventb. Receive a neuro-optometric rehabilitation assessment before the physical or occupational therapy beginsc. Utilize yoked prisms prescribed by an optometrist who understand neuro-visual processing rehabilitation to maximize potentials of the rehabilitationd. Wait one year after the event to go to an eye doctor to see if there are any changes with visione. a and c66. For the paradoxical visual midline shift:a. Physical and occupational therapy is critical in conjunction with use of prescribe yoked prismsb. Only yoked prisms should be used and the prism base should be in the direction opposite the weight shiftc. The optometrist as well as the therapists should perform lateral weight shift activities and delay considering use of yoked prismsd. The physical and occupational therapist should apply bi-nasal occlusion and delay referring for a neuro-visual processing evaluatione. None of the above67. The understanding within Neuro-Visual Processing Rehabilitation (NVPR) is that:a. The ambient process interprets motor-sensory distortion as a distortion of space that is internal or withinb. The expression of this distortion by the ambient process is a COMPRESSION and EXPANSION of spacec. This compression and/or expansion will reinforce postural imbalance as well as visual field loss (homonymous hemianopia)d. All of the abovee. a and c68. Vision is a dynamic process that:a. Provides awareness of space and the organization of posture and movement.b. Affects only how the person sees at farc. Affects only how the person sees at neard. Is always the same after 7 years of agee. Is always the same regardless of neurological status69. Visual dysfunction:a. Is present in brain damageb. Affects acuity at nearc. Affects acuity at fard. Includes headaches, double vision, and photophobia problems with balancee. All of the above70. The visual system includes:a. External and internal brain structuresb. Only external structuresc. Only internal structuresd. One neural pathwaye. Receptors for detailed stimulus71. The ambient visual process is responsible for:a. Our ability to activate feed-back processesb. Our ability to activate feed-forward motor performance and anticipatory processesc. Identifying detailsd. Answering the question "What is it?"e. Recognizing faces72. To use vision efficiently, we need to:a. Be able to see clear and single at all distancesb. Have 20/20 acuity at farc. Be able to know the alphabetd. Have good light receptione. Understand time73. The ambient process:a. Speeds up orientation to timeb. Slows down orientation to timec. Is independent from time and spaced. Allows for recognizing placese. Is related to short term memory74. The ambient process:a. Is related to acuity at farb. Is related to acuity at nearc. Helps to anticipate changed. Is related to intellectual abilitiese. None of the above75. The inability to match ambient vision and movement:a. Often results in a lack of confidence in moving through spaceb. Does not affect quality of movementc. Does not affect quality of postured. Does not interfere with eye hand coordinatione. Does not interferes with movement transitions76. The visual process develops and refines skills through its relationship with the motor system:a. Through movement experiencesb. Though memory exercisesc. Independently of sightd. In the first months of lifee. But does not change with new experiences77. Reading requires the ambient visual process:a. To see clear at nearb. To organize spatial information prior to focalizationc. To see clear at fard. To use both eyes at the same timee. To be flexible78. The visual system:a. Is a static process of receiving lightb. Is a dynamic system that responds to light and movementc. Is a sensory systemd. Is a motor systeme. Is a cognitive system79. Research shows that the use of low amounts of base in prisms OU and bi-nasal occlusion for individuals with visual dysfunction after head trauma:a. Increases the amplitude of VEP and is termed Post Trauma Vision Syndrome (PTVS)b. Does not change amplitude of VEPc. Sometimes changes the amplitude of the VEPd. Shows improvement on the MRIe. Changes refraction error80. Visual midline shift:a. Includes symptoms of distortion of the perception of space including leaning to one side, the floor tilting, walls moving, etc.b. Includes distortion in auditory inputc. Does not affect postural toned. Does not causes trunk misalignmente. Is a psychological aberration81. A prism added to the spectacle prescription:a. Is always used in a Myopia prescriptionb. Is always used in Astigmatismc. Is used depending on patient’s aged. Expands space on one side and compresses space on the other sidee. Is always used as a permanent prescription82. Once there is a distortion of the sensorimotor process:a. The patient can solve it by using conscious effortb. The visual process reinforces the problemc. Using external aids reduces the problemd. Teaching good posture solves the probleme. Having the patient bare foot reduces the problem83. Ocular pursuits:a. Are controlled maintaining contact on a stationary objectb. Are controlled by the cilliary musclesc. Are organized by the balance of feedforward ambient spatial processing and feedback from the focal processd. Are dysfunctional with postural imbalancee. c and d84. The ambient visual process:a. Is a conscious processb. Is a preconscious processc. Is a result of cognitive developmentd. Is developed after the focal system has developede. Is controlled by conscious effort85. Individuals with a neurological disorder:a. Often move their bodies and "drag" their eyes as opposed to the vision leading the movementb. Are capable to separate body movement from eye movementsc. Lack the postural base of support to reinforce visual processingd. Develop abnormal visual processing relative to abnormal state of postural tonee. b, c and d86. Saccades refer to the:a. Ability to move the eyes from one fixation point to anotherb. Ability to move the eyes over a moving targetc. Conscious ability to control eye/hand movementsd. Use of the ambient spatial process to release from focalizatione. a and d87. Binocularity refers to the ability to:a. Maintain fusion at nearb. Maintain fusion at farc. Maintain fusion smoothly on a visual target a various distancesd. Fuse two images from each eyee. All of the above88. Balance and movement relate to:a. The ambient processb. The focal processc. The cognitive processd. Emotional statee. Refractive error89. Poor visual pursuits are:a. Often caused by imbalance between ambient spatial-temporal organization in combination with postural organizationb. A sign of focal problemsc. A sign of emotional disturbanced. A sign of lack of interest on the visual inpute. A sign of blindness90. Difficulties in motor development relate to:a. Imbalances in ambient-focal visual processing and cause a lack of development with visual skillsb. Cognitive developmentc. Emotional developmentd. Social circumstancee. Clearness of vision91. Vision develops:a. Independently from motor experiencesb. From its motor basec. Without matching the motor experienced. From its auditory basee. At birth92. Developmental elongation of the neck:a. Does not affect gaze positionb. Allows the head to move easily in all directions, and cover all visual spacec. Is present at birthd. Is independent of postural tonee. Is independent of cervical alignment93. Good neck alignment is critical for:a. Establishing head control and the ability of the eyes to eventually lead movementb. Establishing functional relationships between visual system and motor systemsc. Optical righting to be integrated with head righting reactiond. Good balance and equilibrium reactionse. All of the above94. Quality of body and eye movements is refined through:a. Feed forward informationb. Feed back informationc. Feed forward and feed back informationd. 20/20 visione. None of the above95. The development of an efficient visual system:a. Requires an active and normal motor system together with a stimulating environmentb. Is not affected by the environmentc. Is only affected by the environmentd. Depends only on normal sighte. None of the above96. In normal development head righting responses:a. Are paired with optical righting reactionsb. Appear once the baby sees clear at nearc. Appear once the baby sees clear at fard. Appear once binocularity is establishede. Appear late in development97. A disturbance of posture and movement:a. May affect visual motilities, flexibility and amplitude of both accommodation and vergencesb. Disturbs postural tone, and muscle skeletal alignmentc. Interferes with balance and equilibrium reactionsd. Causes mental retardatione. a, b and c98. Organization of basic components of eye movements parallels with organization of basic components of body movements:a. Only after 7 years of ageb. From the earliest stages of sensorimotor developmentc. When the infant is beginning to talkd. At school agee. With 20/20 visual acuity99. Vision is the primary incentive for movement:a. In normal motor development in the sighted childb. Only after the primitive reflexes have disappearedc. Regardless of visual acuityd. When sound is presente. When the infant is crawling100. Vertical ocular motilities:a. Are paired with head extensionb. Are paired with head rotationc. Are paired with head flexiond. Are independent from head movementse. Occur only with head movements101. An efficient Neuro Postural base requires good muscle skeletal alignment:a. For normal postural toneb. For normal muscle rangec. To be in an erect position against gravityd. None of the above102. In normal development early head lift as a survival skill:a. Is very soon paired with visual fixations on a visual targetb. Is present at birthc. Does not interact with visual inputd. Is present only after primitive reflexes are integratede. Occurs when the baby is side lying103. Refined body movements:a. Do not affect visual responsesb. Are a basis for balance between focal and ambient processc. Are related to 20/20 visual acuityd. Are independent of a efficient visual systeme. Are related to primitive reflexes104. Trunk elongation of the weight bearing side with shortening of the non-weight bearing side:a. Is a quality feature in normal movementb. Is an automatic response when the body prepares for a transitionc. Is not related to efficient movementd. Requires the body to be in a standing positione. a and b105. Changes in body segment relationships over the Base of Support (BOS):a. Can be elicited through the use of yoked prismsb. Are achieved only by verbal commandc. Occur after repetition of a movement patternd. Depend only on strength of musclese. Require a wide base of support106. Positioning and facilitation of movement in NVPT:a. Allows the body to be stable and mobileb. Elicits better quality ocular motilitiesc. Change motor responses of eyes and bodyd. Are techniques used in NVPTe. All of the above107. Anterior and posterior body shifts:a. Refer to body misalignment in the sagittal planeb. Refer to body misalignment in the frontal planec. Are only seen when the person is sittingd. Do not relate to body planese. Do not relate to spine misalignment108. Head and trunk rotation around the vertical body axis facilitate:a. Visual mid-line crossingb. Lateral eye movementsc. Accommodation of the focusing mechanismd. Attention at neare. a and b109. Analysis of posture is always done in:a. Prone lyingb. Supine lyingc. Half kneeling independent sittingd. Side lyinge. In the best upright posture the patient can be in independently or with external aid110. Postural imbalances:a. Are reinforced by shift in visual midlineb. Do not relate to visual spacec. Can be overcome voluntaryd. Can be changed through verbal commande. Are noticeable only when the person is still or without motion111. Graded motoric control of the neck:a. Is required for efficient visual developmentb. Will affect visual developmentc. Does not relate to visual developmentd. Is independent of visual inpute. a and b112. The ambient visual process establishes the organization of:a. Posture with the vestibular, kinesthetic and proprioceptive systemsb. Visual inputc. Internal languaged. Fine motor responsese. Bi-ocular responses113. In order to support development of posture/movement:a. Only sight is importantb. Vision must remain plasticc. Movement experiences are indispensabled. Experience in moving is not needede. b and c114. Instability in ambient process:a. Affects acuity at nearb. Is almost never present in TBIc. Can be the cause of spatial disorientationd. Only alters gross motor functione. Relates to normal development115. Any change in sensorimotor information:a. Is reflected in visual responsesb. Is ignored by the visual systemc. Changes perception of auditory informationd. Is reflected in muscle strengthe. Affects language116. Disturbances of posture/movement in both congenital and acquired brain damage:a. Can be positively influenced by proper use of lenses and prismsb. Can be positively influenced by verbal directionc. Are caused by lack of cultural experiencesnd. Can’t be changed by therapye. Have a psychological cause117. A wheelchair bound patient:a. Can be affected in posture and movement through the use of yoked prismsb. Is not a candidate for visual therapyc. Plateaus after 2 years of treatmentd. Only can be treated by a PTe. Would not respond to NVPT118. Abnormal high tone:a. In the large muscle groups will affect accommodation and binocularityb. Is an isolated muscle responsec. Is only present in congenital brain damage individualsd. Does not change with treatmente. Is an early development response119. Disorganized Posture/Movement:a. Negatively influences visual responses needed for learningb. Is not related to efficiency in academic performancec. Is always related to mental retardationd. Is recognized through clinical laboratory testinge. Affects only gross motor responses120. Postural and visual imbalances:a. Have the potential to cause emotional imbalancesb. Only affect efficiency in walkingc. Relate to efficiency in the learning processd. Are of late onset in the developmental processe. a and c121. Visual training using fixations and fusion without postural organization of persons who have had a neurological event:a. Will lead the patient to his optimal functional levelb. May cause the patient to plateaus below his potential due to ‘focal binding’c. Is a good alternative for the TBI patientd. Can also be performed without the use of lensese. Is a good alternative for perceptual training122. NVPT as a treatment approach is:a. Only for the pediatric populationb. Only for normal intelligent childrenc. For all TBI patients and persons with neuro-visual-postural imbalancesd. For treating only non-degenerative neurological disorderse. Performed at hospitals123. Posture/movement and vision dysfunctions:a. Are always developmental disordersb. Can result after brain injuryc. Are always caused by damage at birthd. Should only be treated through pharmaceutical interventione. Do not improve if treatment is delivered after 18 months of onset124. Automatic postural control:a. Is the ability to orient to sound and postureb. Is necessary for conscious attentionc. Is necessary for mobilityd. Is necessary for the dual purposes of stability and orientatione. Is achieved through a ‘top-down’ conscious control125. An efficient neuro-postural base requires:a. Normal postural alignmentb. Equal distribution of weightc. Ability to weight shift in all directions with graded controld. Efficient righting and equilibrium reactions as an underlying foundation for volitional movemente. All of the above126. Normal musculoskeletal alignment:a. Establishes alignment of the sensory systems [visual(ambient)-vestibular-cervical] in the best possible vertical orientation for maximizing efficient integration and matching between the systemsb. Depends on muscle strengthc. Happens only in sitting postured. Is independent of joint alignmente. Has no impact on efficiency of movement127. An efficient visual system:a. Relies on an organized neuro postural baseb. Is related to normal postural tonec. Is independent from the quality of the neuro postural based. Depends on where the visual targets are presentede. a and b128. In normal development, alignment:a. Is maintained in all transitional movementsb. Is maintained only in still positionsc. Depends on the BOSd. Is not developed until the infant begins to walke. Is related to muscle strength129. A wheelchair bound person:a. Functions visually better if body alignment is maintainedb. Does not needs to be in good postural alignmentc. Depends on focalization to know where are things in spaced. Does not need to wear glasses for looking at fare. Cannot be prescribed with prism to realign his/her body130. Posture movement and vision development depends on the:a. Integrity of the neurological structuresb. Integrity of the muscular skeletal structuresc. Integrity of the sensory receptorsd. Opportunity to experience sensory and motor inputs in contexte. All of the above